Pre-eclampsia: Causes, Diagnosis & How to Stay Safe in Pregnancy

What is Pre-eclampsia?

Pre-eclampsia is a health problem that can happen during pregnancy. It causes high blood pressure and can harm organs like the liver and kidneys. Usually, pre-eclampsia starts after the 20th week of pregnancy. Early care is important because, if left untreated, it can be dangerous for both mother and baby. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), pre-eclampsia affects about 2–8% of pregnancies worldwide. Because pre-eclampsia can develop quickly, knowing the signs and risks is very important.

Common Symptoms

Many women with pre-eclampsia may feel fine at first. However, some symptoms can appear suddenly. Watch for these signs:

Swelling in the face, hands, or feet

Severe headaches that do not go away

Changes in vision, such as blurring or seeing spots

Pain in the upper right side of the belly

Nausea or vomiting later in pregnancy

Sudden weight gain

Shortness of breath

Sometimes, pre-eclampsia may not cause any symptoms. Therefore, regular check-ups are important during pregnancy.

Causes and Risk Factors

Doctors do not know the exact cause of pre-eclampsia. However, several factors can raise the risk. For example, problems with the placenta, which connects mother and baby, may play a role. Other risk factors include:

First pregnancy

History of pre-eclampsia in past pregnancies

Family history of pre-eclampsia

Carrying more than one baby (twins or triplets)

High blood pressure before pregnancy

Kidney disease or diabetes

Being over age 35

Obesity

Because some risks cannot be changed, it is important to attend all prenatal visits. Your doctor can watch for early signs of pre-eclampsia.

How Pre-eclampsia is Diagnosed

Doctors diagnose pre-eclampsia by checking blood pressure and testing urine for protein. High blood pressure and protein in urine are key signs. Sometimes, blood tests are done to check liver and kidney function. In addition, doctors may use ultrasound to check the baby’s growth. Regular check-ups help catch pre-eclampsia early. If you have any symptoms, tell your doctor right away.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on how far along the pregnancy is and how severe the pre-eclampsia is. For mild cases, doctors may suggest:

Resting and lying on your left side

Frequent blood pressure checks

Regular urine and blood tests

Close monitoring of the baby’s health

For severe pre-eclampsia, hospital care may be needed. Sometimes, medicines are given to lower blood pressure or prevent seizures. If the condition is serious, early delivery of the baby may be the safest option. Your doctor will discuss the best plan for you and your baby.

Prevention and Lifestyle Guidance

While pre-eclampsia cannot always be prevented, some steps may lower the risk. For example, you can:

Attend all prenatal appointments

Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables

Stay active with gentle exercise, if your doctor agrees

Limit salt and processed foods

Maintain a healthy weight before and during pregnancy

Manage other health conditions, such as diabetes or high blood pressure

Because early care makes a difference, talk to your doctor about your risk for pre-eclampsia. They can offer advice on preventing pre-eclampsia and keeping you and your baby healthy.

When to Seek Medical Help

It is important to know when to get help. Call your doctor or go to the hospital if you notice:

Severe headaches

Vision changes

Severe swelling

Pain in the upper belly

Shortness of breath

Even if you are unsure, it is better to be safe. Quick action can protect both you and your baby.

Conclusion

Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition, but early care can help. Because symptoms may be mild or hidden, regular check-ups are key. If you have concerns about pre-eclampsia, consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice.